Protect my wallet

Reference

References

Numbered as cited across the site. Where a figure comes from a secondary summary rather than the primary source, the citation says so.

Quantum resource estimates

  1. Google Quantum AI, with the Ethereum Foundation and Stanford. Securing Elliptic Curve Cryptocurrencies against Quantum Vulnerabilities: Resource Estimates and Mitigations. March 2026. quantumai.google (PDF)
  2. PostQuantum.com. Google Quantum AI achieves 10x reduction in resources to break Bitcoin's cryptography (summary; source of the 18 and 9 minute runtimes, the 2029 target and the Chevignard et al. figures). postquantum.com
  3. M. Roetteler, M. Naehrig, K. Svore, K. Lauter. Quantum resource estimates for computing elliptic curve discrete logarithms. ASIACRYPT 2017. arXiv:1706.06752
  4. D. Litinski. How to compute a 256-bit elliptic curve private key with only 50 million Toffoli gates. 2023. arXiv:2306.08585

Standards and policy

  1. NIST IR 8547. Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards (deprecation after 2030, disallowance after 2035). csrc.nist.gov
  2. bex.co. Optimism's 10-year quantum clock (ECDSA sunset on the Superchain in January 2036). 2 May 2026. bex.co
  3. EIP-7702. Set EOA account code. eips.ethereum.org
  4. Quantum risk to EVM wallets and application-layer solutions. Research report with two adversarial review rounds, 24 Sep 2026 (internal; the source of the design and the maths on this site).

More estimates and hardware

  1. M. Webber, V. Elfving, S. Weidt, W. Hensinger. The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime. AVS Quantum Science 4, 013801 (2022). doi:10.1116/5.0073075

Hash-based signatures

  1. RFC 8391. XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme. rfc-editor.org
  2. FIPS 205 and FIPS 204. Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard (SLH-DSA); Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (ML-DSA). August 2024. FIPS 205, FIPS 204
  3. SPHINCS+ submission. Tweakable hash functions and ADRS. sphincs.org
  4. V. Buterin. How to hard-fork to save most users' funds in a quantum emergency. ethresear.ch, 2024. ethresear.ch
  5. A. Hülsing. W-OTS+: shorter signatures for hash-based signature schemes. AFRICACRYPT 2013. eprint 2017/965
  6. C. Gidney. How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits. 2025 (RSA, for context). arXiv:2505.15917
  7. Ethereum post-quantum roadmap coverage and IACR ePrint 2026/1660. eprint 2026/1660
  1. Blueshift. Solana Winternitz vault. github.com
  2. Helius. Post-quantum cryptography on Solana (FIPS key and signature sizes). helius.dev
  3. Anza. Securing Solana against a powerful quantum adversary (seed-knowledge proof size estimate). 15 Sep 2026. anza.xyz

Encodings

  1. EIP-712. Typed structured data hashing and signing. eips.ethereum.org
  2. EIP-55. Mixed-case checksum address encoding. eips.ethereum.org
  3. BIP-32. Hierarchical deterministic wallets. github.com/bitcoin/bips
  4. EIP-1167. Minimal proxy contract. eips.ethereum.org
  5. Google Quantum AI. Willow (105 qubits, below-threshold error correction), December 2024. blog.google
  6. IBM. Condor, 1,121 superconducting qubits, IBM Quantum Summit, December 2023. ibm.com
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